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Niche picking is a psychological theory that suggests children and adults choose environments that complement their heredity. For example, extroverts by nature may deliberately engage socially with others like themselves. Niche-picking is part of the larger subject of gene-environment correlations. There are three types of genotype-environment correlation: passive, evocative (reactive), and active (or selective).〔Jaffee, S. R., Jaffee, S. R., & Price, T. S. (2008). Genotype-environment correlations: Implications for determining the relationship between environmental exposures and psychiatric illness. Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 7(12), 496-499.〕 == Scarr and McCartney's model == In 1983, psychology professors Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed their theory of genotype-environment effects.〔Scarr, S., McCartney, K. (1983). How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects. Child Development, 54 (2). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1129703.〕 The model describes how an individual’s genes influence the environments that the individuals choose to interact with and how variable phenotypes influence an individual’s exchanges with people, places, and situations. The professors argue that genotypes can determine the response that an individual has to a certain environment, and that these genotype-environmental pairs can affect human development. Scarr and McCartney, Influenced by Robert Plomin's findings, recognize three types of genes: ;''Passive'': During infancy, parents provide the environment for the individual. This rearing environment reflects the nature of the parental genes, so it is genetically suitable for the child. ;''Evocative'': The environment responds to the individual because of the genes they express (phenotype). Infants and adolescents evoke social and physical responses from the environment through this genotype→environment interaction. Experiences, and therefore development, are more influenced by evocation than by the passive environment. However, the influence of evocation declines over time. ;''Active'': Individuals selectively attend to aspects of their environment that correlate to their specific genotypes and autonomously choose environments to interact with. Their selections correlate to motivational, personality, and intellectual aspects of their genotype. Therefore, environmental interactions are person specific and can vary greatly. Since environments are chosen rather than encountered, experience and development are influenced more by the active process. As humans develop, they consecutively enter each genotype-environment stage, each being more influential on development than the last. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Niche picking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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